1. Summary of significant accounting policies

2. Earnings per share

3. Intangible assets, net

The gross amount associated with software developed for internal use represents capitalized costs of internally-developed software, including eligible salaries and staff benefits, share-based compensation, travel expenses incurred by relevant employees, and other relevant costs.

Amortization expenses of $1,858 and $1,472 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, were included in depreciation and amortization expense. As of March 31, 2023, intangible assets of $5,359, included in the gross amounts of software developed for internal use, have not started amortization, as they are not ready for their intended use.

The Company capitalized costs of software developed for internal use of $2,732 and $2,095 during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

4. Goodwill

Goodwill represents the cost in excess of the fair value of the net assets acquired in a business combination. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the balance of goodwill of $5,227 was as a result of the acquisition of Interactive Data, LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of red violet, effective on October 2, 2014.

In accordance with ASC 350, “Intangibles - Goodwill and Other,” goodwill is tested at least annually for impairment, or when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable, by assessing qualitative factors or performing a quantitative analysis in determining whether it is more likely than not that its fair value exceeds the carrying value. The measurement date of the Company’s annual goodwill impairment test is October 1.

The Company did not record a goodwill impairment loss during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, and as of March 31, 2023, there was no accumulated goodwill impairment loss.

5. Revenue recognition

The Company recognized revenue in accordance with ASC 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” (“Topic 606”). Under this standard, revenue is recognized when control of goods or services is transferred to the Company’s customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. The Company’s performance obligation is to provide on demand information and identity intelligence solutions to its customers by leveraging its proprietary technology and applying machine learning and advanced analytics to its massive data repository. The pricing for the customer contracts is based on usage, a monthly fee, or a combination of both.

Available within Topic 606, the Company has applied the portfolio approach practical expedient in accounting for customer revenue as one collective group, rather than individual contracts. Based on the Company’s historical knowledge of the contracts contained in this portfolio and the similar nature and characteristics of the customers, the Company has concluded the financial statement effects are not materially different than if accounting for revenue on a contract by contract basis.

Revenue is recognized over a period of time. The Company’s customers simultaneously receive and consume the benefits provided by the Company’s performance as and when provided. Furthermore, the Company has elected the “right to invoice” practical expedient, available within Topic 606, as its measure of progress, since it has a right to payment from a customer in an amount that corresponds directly with the value of its performance completed-to-date. In some arrangements, a right to consideration for the Company's performance under the customer contract may occur before invoicing to the customer, resulting in an unbilled accounts receivable. As of March 31, 2023, the current and noncurrent portion unbilled accounts receivable of $733 and $757, respectively, were included within accounts receivable and other noncurrent assets, respectively, on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2022, the current and noncurrent portion unbilled accounts receivable of $923 and $464, respectively, were included within accounts receivable and other noncurrent assets, respectively, on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company's revenue arrangements do not contain significant financing components.

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, 75% and 77% of total revenue was attributable to customers with pricing contracts, respectively, versus 25% and 23% attributable to transactional customers, respectively. Pricing contracts are generally annual contracts or longer, with auto renewal.

If a customer pays consideration before the Company transfers services to the customer, those amounts are classified as deferred revenue. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the balance of deferred revenue was $763 and $670, respectively, all of which is expected to be realized in the next 12 months. In relation to the deferred revenue balance as of December 31, 2022, $283 was recognized into revenue during the three months ended March 31, 2023.

As of March 31, 2023, $10,614 of revenue is expected to be recognized in the future for performance obligations that are unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied, related to pricing contracts that have a term of more than 12 months, of which, $5,904 of revenue will be recognized in the remainder of 2023, $3,858 in 2024, $708 in 2025, $136 in 2026, and $8 in 2027. The actual timing of recognition may vary due to factors outside of the Company’s control. The Company excludes variable consideration related entirely to wholly unsatisfied performance obligations and contracts and recognizes such variable consideration based upon the right to invoice the customer.

Sales commissions are incurred and recorded on an ongoing basis over the term of the customer relationship. These costs are recorded in sales and marketing expenses.

In addition, the Company elected the practical expedient to not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less and (ii) contracts for which the Company recognizes revenue at the amount to which it has the right to invoice for services performed.

6. Income taxes

The Company is subject to federal and state income taxes in the United States. The Company’s tax provision for interim periods is determined using an estimate of its annual effective tax rate, adjusted for discrete items arising in that quarter, unless a reliable estimate of ordinary income or the related tax expense/benefit cannot be made or the Company is in cumulative losses for which the benefit cannot be realized. In each quarter, the Company updates its estimate of the annual effective tax rate, and if its estimated annual tax rate changes, the Company makes a cumulative adjustment in that quarter. For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company concluded that, due to a recent history of operating losses, a valuation allowance should be applied to reduce its deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized.

The Company’s effective income tax rate was (4%) and 62% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, differing from the U.S. corporate statutory federal income tax rate of 21%, and the difference is primarily the result of the valuation allowance applied to reduce the Company’s deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized.

The Company assesses its income tax positions and records tax benefits for all years subject to examination based upon its evaluation of the facts, circumstances and information available at the reporting date. For those tax positions where it is more-likely-than-not that a tax benefit will be sustained, the Company has recorded the largest amount of tax benefit with a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. For those income tax positions where it is not more-likely-than-not that a tax benefit will be sustained, no tax benefit has been recognized in the Company’s financial statements.

The Company continually evaluates expiring statutes of limitations, audits, proposed settlements, changes in tax law and new authoritative rulings. Due to the existence of net operating loss carryforwards since inception, all of the Company’s income tax filings remain open for tax examinations.

The Company does not have any material unrecognized tax benefits as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

7. Common stock and treasury stock

As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the number of issued shares of common stock was 13,961,643 and 13,956,404, respectively, which included shares of treasury stock of 10,937 and 0, respectively. The changes in the number of issued shares of common stock and treasury stock were due to the following factors:

8. Share-based compensation

On March 22, 2018, the board of directors of the Company and Cogint, Inc. (“cogint”) (now known as Fluent, Inc.), in its capacity as sole stockholder of the Company prior to the Company’s spin-off from cogint on March 26, 2018 (the “Spin-off”), approved the Red Violet, Inc. 2018 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan”), which became effective immediately prior to the Spin-off. A total of 3,000,000 shares of common stock were authorized to be issued under the 2018 Plan. On June 3, 2020, the Company’s stockholders approved an amendment to the 2018 Plan to increase the number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance under the 2018 Plan from 3,000,000 shares to 4,500,000 shares, and on May 25, 2022, the Company's stockholders approved an amendment to the 2018 Plan to increase the number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance under the 2018 Plan from 4,500,000 shares to 6,500,000 shares.

The primary purpose of the 2018 Plan, as amended, is to attract, retain, reward and motivate certain individuals by providing them with an opportunity to acquire or increase a proprietary interest in the Company and to incentivize them to expend maximum effort for the growth and success of the Company, so as to strengthen the mutuality of the interests between such individuals and the stockholders of the Company.

As of March 31, 2023, there were 2,299,607 shares of common stock available for future issuance under the 2018 Plan, as amended.

To date, all stock incentives issued under the 2018 Plan have been in the form of RSUs. RSUs granted under the 2018 Plan vest and settle upon the satisfaction of a time-based condition or with both time- and performance-based conditions. The time-based condition for these awards is generally satisfied over three or four years with annual vesting. Details of unvested RSU activity during the three months ended March 31, 2023 were as follows:

As of March 31, 2023, unrecognized share-based compensation expense associated with the granted RSUs amounted to $15,809, which is expected to be recognized over a remaining weighted average period of 2.3 years.